In Focus: Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Patient-Centered Approaches

For years, the existence and acceptance of nursing theories in different settings and aspects of nursing practice has transformed the profession in diverse ways both here and abroad. The utilization of such theories has provided the nursing community with specific knowledge and ways to enhance and develop skills and attitudes of nursing professionals in the practice of the profession. It has greatly helped in creating and sustaining our professional independence from the field of medicine by guiding our educational system, research methods and practice towards safe and quality care to patients (Marriner-Tomey, 1994; McLemore & Hill, 1965).The significance of studying nursing theories does not end with the benefits it may serve the profession in general. It also helps an individual, either a student or a nursing professional in several ways. An individual is able to develop critical thinking skills, able to differentiate values and hypotheses and able to find out purpose of functions in relation to the scope of practice of the nursing profession (Kozier, Erb, & Oliviere, 1995).In line with this, this paper attempts to analyze and evaluate a relevant nursing conceptual model authored by a renowned nurse theorist— Faye Glenn Abdellah, using the J. Fawcett’s Framework of Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing.Influenced by Virginia Henderson’s 14 principles of nursing, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Erik Erickson stages of development, Abdellah formulated her structural model with the goal of teaching and evaluating students and at the same time emphasize the need to create a body of knowledge exclusive to our profession that will help in gaining independence from the control of the medical profession  toward  patient-centered  care (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Faye Glenn Abdellah authored the typology of 21 nursing problems which was initially published in the 1960 edition of Pat ient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Since its initial appearance, the typology had major impact on the nursing profession as well as on the development of other nursing theories (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems is a conceptual model which describes the significant concerns of nursing instead of linking different relationships into phenomena. The conceptual model is mainly concerned with patient’s needs and the role of nurses in problem identification using a problem-solving approach. Abdellah’s work is classified under the nursing philosophy category in the sense that her work is based on analysis, rationalization, research and logical argument instead of using experiential methods. Logically speaking,Abdellah’s model can be described as inductive since she derived observations from previous studies which became the basis for her conceptualization. Philosophical statements are said to be based on opinions, arguments or propositions of different people. These statements are not experimental in nature because such statements based on goal, traditions and/or values cannot be tested for its correctness or wrongness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).In  analyzing  and  evaluating  Abdellah’s  theory, her  work  cannot  be  separated  from  the  historical  background  where  the  conceptualization  of  the  21  nursing  problems  started.  It  was   in  the  1950s  when  the  nursing  profession  faced  a  lot  of  difficulties  arising  from  the  rapid   societal change and increasing demand for technological advancement. The methods and system used at that time  did not support and meet the demands of the rapid change thus creating a backlog in the nursing community.There was a lack of definition of nursing— its focus, scope and limitations especially that healthcare delivery to patients is mainly based on achieving institutional goals rather than meeting patient’s needs. The present system did not assist both the students and professionals in being attuned with the changes. Abdellah related this to the lack of scientific body of knowledge unique to the profession. That is why the formulation of the theory differentiated the practice of nursing from the practice of medicine emphasizing focus on 21 nursing problems that help patient in achieving state of wellness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah used the problem-solving approach in formulating the theory. She believes that a nurse should be able to identify and solve problems of patients in order to provide safe and quality care to patients. This identification of nursing problems, selection of data necessary to formulating and testing of interventions in assisting patient towards state of wellness closely resembles the nursing process. Abdellah pointed out that patients cannot receive quality care if the steps are done improperly. In my opinion, Abdellah’s approach is effective in the sense that the approach guarantees positive client response if the steps are specifically and carefully executed. This approach also improves a nursing professional skills and attitude by enhancing problem-solving abilities through identification of nursing problems in meeting the needs of the patient (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah’s model includes four (4) fundamental concepts essential to nursing— person, environment, health and nursing. The first major concept is the person. The concept of person is described as people having physical, physiological and sociological needs. In her conceptual model, the person or patient is the main reason for the existence of nursing. However, this is quite contradicting since the typology of 21 nursing problems lacks holism. The model entails that a person returns to an improved state only by resolving each problem identified by a nursin g professional. It lacks holism in the sense that the patient or person which, is considered as a whole is not greater than the sum of it parts represented by his problems (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Another major concept included in her theory is the concept of environment. This concept is the least conferred  and least emphasized in her theory. This is mentioned limitedly in problem number 17. The model explains that the patient more often than not interrelate and act in response to the environment. It also explains that the nurse is also a part of the patient’s environment thus the nurse takes responsibility in making the environment conducive for restoration of health. Abdellah also states that environment is also the home and community from where the patient comes from that is why Abdellah emphasized the need to broaden our scope in identifying problems and not limit our scope in the hospital setting (Potter & Perry, 1993).The third concept is health. Abdellah discussed hea lth as a state without illness. It is defined as a state without unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment. This is clearly exemplified in the list of 21 nursing problems. Abdellah also advocates holistic approach to patient-centered care and furthering the relevance of environmental factors in the concept of health (Potter & Perry, 1993).The last major concept is nursing. The concept of nursing is an essential element of her writing. In her model, nursing is defined as provision of service to individuals and families; therefore to society. It is mainly providing service to or for the patient or providing information that will significantly assist the patient in restoring health and alleviating impairment. Abdellah therefore viewed nursing as a helping profession (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998)..Although Abdellah’s work provided a comprehensive meaning of the four major concepts, there are no statements in Abdellah’s writing tha t states any direct relationships among the four concepts. Each concept was only defined implicitly and no relational statements can be made out of it. The model is mainly concerned on development of a unique body of knowledge, which is nursing, through which identification of nursing problems and utilization of the problem-solving approach assists patients in meeting their needs.The model is said to have limited concepts and is only presented in a structural list. After Abdellah’s work has been published, her formulation of the 21 nursing problems has been a helpful tool in the areas of nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).In our nursing practice, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems has helped nursing professionals in dealing with patient care in an orderly and well-structured manner. In using this typology, a nursing professional, with the problem-solving approach, is able to id entify patient’s problems, plan for his care and implement nursing interventions for the identified problem in a scientific manner.This problem-solving method has transformed our practice as we attempt to focus our attention to the client himself rather than focus on client’s medical condition which is more of the objective of the medical profession. Nursing professionals have also learned and understood the rationale behind each and every action we deliver to the client (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s work has also provided significant changes in the area of nursing research as well since her work is basically based on research too. Many theories have been developed since the introduction of Abdellah’s work. The present nursing diagnosis classification system is presumed to be an outgrowth of this typology. This nursing philosophy continues to be a preferred basis of nursing studies at present (Sigma Theta Tau In ternational Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Nursing education also benefited from Abdellah’s work. As previously explained, there was a lack of scientific body unique to our profession that hindered our independence from the medical profession. Abdellah’s work presented such unique body and gave the nursing profession a chance to come out of the control of the medical model. Gaining professional autonomy has helped the nursing community project a professional identity that has been widely accepted all over the world   (Potter & Perry, 1993).Abdellah’s nursing philosophy brings about nursing activities that meet not only client’s needs but of the society as well in the long run if each goal is carefully achieved through the problem-solving approach making this nursing philosophy socially significant. Abdellah’s work is socially significant because the 21 nursing problems elicit relevant nursing actions that lead to the improvement and restoration of client’s health status which in turn aids the client in resuming activities of daily living increasing his productivity level thus benefiting the society   (Potter & Perry, 1993).In conclusion, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems remedied the predicaments faced by the profession in earlier times. It has helped teach and evaluate student’s competency through its formulation. It provided a means of gaining autonomy from the practice of medicine through the creation of a scientific body of knowledge unique to nursing.Abdellah’s work is very straightforward and uncomplicated. It explicitly described the major concepts essential to nursing such as nursing itself, nursing problems and the problem-solving approach through which the problems can be intervened. The concepts of health, person and environment which are now included in the scope of nursing are also implied.The goals of this model vary but all are directed to affect nursing. The extensive goal of this model is to generally elicit positive transformation in nursing education while its subgoals would include providing a scientific basis for practice and a tool in evaluating student’s capacity and competency (McLemore & Hill, 1965).To date, Abellah did not only meet the goal of her work. Her work has also affected different aspects of nursing— nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education in general. As emphasized in this paper, Abdellah’s overall contribution to the body of nursing is the acquisition of professional autonomy and professional identity through the creation of the 21 nursing problems. Her problem-solving approach increases our assessment and critical-thinking skills needed in identifying client’s concerns to properly plan, select and implement our healthcare. It also enhances and promotes nurse-patient interaction as we make patients the central focus of care instead of focusing on the disease process (Parascandola, 1994).Nursing has been practiced as profession for more than a century. The profession was based merely on rules, concepts and experiences passed on by professionals to students. It was only in the advent of serious discussion and testing of theories that nursing has been established as a science. Through Abdellah’s work and the development of other relevant nursing theories, we have proven that our profession can stand by itself and achieve our goals towards patient-centered care (Parascandola, 1994).

Thesis Essay

Foremost, eating Exploders gave symptoms like food poisoning. My family's dies were rejecting the snack by both vomiting and having diarrhea. The whole family was up all night throwing up, gagging burping, and coughing, which lead to exhaustion because the Exploders made them so sick. It is weeks later, and many of the symptoms have continued. This creates the first major problem for your product, as well as gives me concerns for the health and well-being of my family. Studies show that, when children get sick from food, there is a 40% chance they will never eat again.My husband, who is a well-regarded doctor, said ‘the Exploders caused the illness and something eke this should never happen to the public. When you sell a product, it is the company's obligation to test it first so things like this don't happen to innocent consumers. † The word obligation informed me that you are required to check your product before selling it, when obviously, you did not. With everyone in my house sick from one serving of candy, it is hard to keep up with the kids' academic studies and after school activities. My children are falling behind because of consuming your product; that is unacceptable.If making my family sick was not enough, they taste atrocious and caused my family to gag. The flavor was not enjoyable and left a strange aftertaste. The package clearly stated a â€Å"guaranteed amazing fruity flavor that everyone loves. † When someone guarantees something that means it will always be true. This was not true for anyone that tried the candy, so it is not true. I do not know how anyone could enjoy the awful flavor. Although, the initial reaction to the â€Å"candy† gave me a laugh, it was unnecessary to make a food with such a horrendous taste. When people pop candy in their mouth, they expect a sweet, gratifying taste.They certainly do not expect something that tastes like the butt of an elephant. One of my children started crying and gagging when the Exploders first hit her tongue. â€Å"It burns my throat! † she screamed. Even my husband complained and choked out how gruesome these candy balls were and he never complains about â€Å"sweets. † Finally, Exploders permanently harms and damages the stomach and throat. Instead of just getting my husband's professional opinion, we got the viewpoint of an Audiologist's to assess our symptoms. He concludes that Exploders cause severe, permanent damage to your vocal chords and stomach lining.This is in no way acceptable and I demand that no one else as to go through being sick and harmed by your defective product. The juices from this â€Å"candy† hurt vital organs and could potentially kill someone. It is unacceptable that you have not removed the item from stores. I know I am not the first citizen to complain about your inferior product. You are putting your own customers in serious danger just to make a profit with your lame piece of candy. They cause pe rmanent damage to customers, make everyone sick, and taste terrible. Thesis Essay Romeos guilty pleasure. He does not actually like Juliet at this moment when they meet. He just wants to mend his broken heart by finding a new girl. He even goes far to say, ‘This love feel I, that no love in this' (1 . 1. 171) to show his feelings of being hurt. Romeo believes that no one loves him. This quote shows Romeos unstable emotions by his complete devastation over one girl. He either is very happy or very depressed there is no middle ground, or in other words, he is black and white. Another example where Romeo shows extreme behaviors is during Act II, scene II, â€Å"The Balcony Scene.In this scene Juliet is on her balcony fantasizing about Romeo. Romeo overhears her and they begin to talk about their love for each other. When Juliet starts to worry about their family rivalry Romeo says, ‘My life were better ended by their hate, Than death prorogued, wanting my love' (2. 1. 81-82). He is basically saying that he would rather die now than die later without Gull et's love. This is strange for someone to say after just meeting. After first seeing someone you would not want to risk your life for them. You would want to get to know the person before making such a bold statement.Romeo is not your average typical boy; he has extremities when it comes to his mood. Later on in the play, Romeo and Mercuric get into a fight with Table. There is one word that describes why this fight occurred in the first place, revenge. Revenge is the action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong suffering at their hands. Revenge is cruel by making people act differently than what they would do with a clear mind. For example, revenge made Romeo kill Table and this is the start of the big downfall. This is the moment where light and dark imagery start to switch, the climax of the play.From the Chorus at the beginning of the play, Romeo and Juliet are said to be â€Å"fated† to die, even Romeo says, ‘This days black fate on Moe days doth depend; this but begins the woe others must end' (3. 1. 1 10-111 This shows how people start to believe that death is the only solution to their problems. Light and dark imagery switch throughout the play once the climax was reached. In the beginning of the play, light was considered good and dark was considered bad. Now, after the climax, light is considered bad and dark is considered good. This would have to do with Romeos extreme actions by killing Table.Once Romeo kills Table he knows that he is going to face battles. His life was already miserable just by shooting Table, but then Romeo is faced with another obstacle. Juliet is â€Å"dead†. In actuality she just drinks a poison that keeps her dead for a few hours and then she wakes up. But Romeo does not know about this. He thinks she is actually dead. This is when his extreme emotions start to show again. NOTES- -Gullet's feelings for Romeo grow to the point where she feels her only escape is death- start to see her switch her mind process -He has strong feelings about every event that occurs throughout his life.

Responsibility of Government Essay

Time has changed and where we live today is what may be called as a â€Å"global consumer society†. People are striving in the fast lane to make their hassle bustle life a bit relaxing, convenient and luxurious by purchasing and manufacturing equipments and then disposing them off. This is where businesses and industry play an important role in degrading our environment, utilizing our resources to produce those artificial things and utilities for one’s convenience, which leads to ominous results. Presently, the most highlighted issues about the macrocosm is the menace to our natural habitat by our commercial sector. The essay will analyze how they affect our environment, their responsibilities to protect it and also it is the duty of government to take measures for it. According to Fieser, J. (2010) the biggest threat to the environment is inflicted by Commercial enterprises and businesses rather than any other domestic activity. Factories produce toxic waste and dump it without remembering about the side effects, thus polluting the soil and water. Similarly deforestation has been done on a large scale with them during the development of new industries, not considering the fact that they disturb the natural habitat. The majority of these offenders are from the third world countries also known as the underdeveloped countries, as they ignore  being environmentally responsible while competing with industrialized states. Likewise, due to deficiency of alternatives available in such countries it makes it hard for them to maintain a balance between energy conservation and economic progress. All of this results in environmental degradation by business sector. Many examples of such cases could be brought up with this discussion. For instance, a Union Carbide incident in OHIO (1960’s) where two chemical and metal plants were manufactured in a valley trapping it with the ash clouds and air pollution, not only did they result in endangering the surroundings but caused different respiratory diseases among the locals. In spite of being responsible for all, the company refused all public discussions and ignored governmental requests for the plant’s inspection, another similar big incident related to nuclear power plants in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl in which radiations were released to the local community and a steam explosion in the plant also let out tons of radioactive material in the atmosphere killing several and injuring thousands, all of these incidents are a proof of irresponsibility shown by the respective industries. Although, agreeing that the main motive of businesses is to make profit for their investors and that the consumers only prefer buying stuff which is cheaper instead of being Eco friendly – as environmental standard production of products raises their cost. They should be familiar with the social responsibilities they have on themselves, which is best described by Haynes, T. (N.d.). â€Å"Social responsibility is a moral theory that says any organization is obligated to act for the benefit of its society†, It is a duty that everyone has to perform to maintain balance between ecosystem and economy. Yet, still some companies work with the ideology that- what is best for the environment is not always financially best for them -which is wrong. Some, also think that they are not legally bound to care for the government as there are no such laws which asks them to do so. Another argument form these business enterprises is † that caring for the environment rests with the consumers not us, if they are not interested in favoring businesses running an Eco- sustainable policies then there is no point reforming such policies on them†. Let’s not forget that environment is common to everyone, no-one possesses it and everyone is equally responsible for it, so far no one is bound to accept the responsibility for a common thing, the point being drawn is that no private  organization should be responsible for the commons. As alleged, by James W. (2007) â€Å"Responsibility for the commons rests primarily with political communities of citizens through their governments, and their duty is to do justice†. Hence, the government should secure the sustainability of the surroundings and to introduce law which promote ecologically friendly advancement which would eventually bind all businesses to be more socially responsible. Also, it will encourage other sectors to contribute their part in fighting against the threats to our environment. The office of government is also important when it adds up to some critical topics connected to the environment such as global heating and loss of biodiversity which is done by deforestation and utilizing of natural habitat for new growth projects. This could be forestalled simply by opting alternatives for the arrangements, i.e. using old sites to build new industries and encourage recycling – government is the only physical structure that could enforce them to behave thus. Though, businesses should be socially responsible, but the governments do play a broader and important role in protecting our environment because it is their duty to assure justice to everyone, be it an organization or our environment and they should not wait till severe problems are faced after all is done. It is conclusive that government practices hold a major part in protecting our environment, even if businesses do try to be socially responsible they cannot make out a great deal compared to what government bodies can act- and they should perform whatever is possible if they want a pleasant and sustainable environment to live in. REFERENCES Fieser, J. (2010), Business ethics: section three. Hayens, T. (N.d.). Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. Kalinda, B. (Ed.). Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. (2001). Encyclopedia of Business and Finance (2nd ed., Vol.1). New York: Macmillan References. James, W. (2007), Conserving the environment:Guideline #10 for government and Citizenship. Online available from URL http://www.cpjustice.org/PJR2007Q2/EnvironmentGuideline10 [Accessed 10 April 2014] Jason, D. (2006), The role of government in environmental protection. Online available from URL http://grist.org/article/the-role-of-government-in-environmental-protection/ [Accessed 11 April 2014] (Why protecting our environment is so important?, 2011) Niharika Bhati, Role of Government and problems faced in protecting our environment. Online available from URL http://www.preservearticles.com/201102244196/role-of-government-and-the-problems-faced-in-protecting-our-environment.html [Accessed 10 April 2014]

Public Health in New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Health in New Guinea - Essay Example (Statistics from World Health Organization, 2009). Over the last 30 years very little has changed in New Guinea as far as increase in salary levels or a rise out of poverty. There are also many natural hazards to this country. Those include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, large-scale landslides, flooding, sporadic droughts, frosts in highland areas, the impact of climate variability and now rising sea levels. They have had almost every one of these occur over the last 5 years The state of the people's health is worse in New Guinea than any other Pacific region country. Communicable disease, including malaria and tuberculosis, remain the major cause of death. There is also a generalized epidemic of HIV/AIDs. Maternal and child morbidity rate are high I. It appears that the first thing that will need to happen is to set up a well run public health education system. I make this first due to the facts as presented above. New Guinea is very rural and travel is very limited so to assure that we are getting information to those that need it, we must educate groups in each area. In setting up this part of the plan, it is important to assure that we improve the literacy rate also. This will further our overall ability to improve health. II. Improve the rate of immunization. ... The problem here is getting the immunizations to the people but with the initial education of groups within areas, we would be able to improve this data. III. Hepatitis according to the WHO data runs in the thousands of patients. This problem is related to the conditions created by earthquakes and tsunamis to name a few. Of course we cannot decrease natural disasters but we can teach the people how to get and treat clean water as well as how to treat waste in such as way as to prevent some spread of these diseases. IV. Improve the availability of sterilizers. Much of the equipment that is needed, including surgery equipment is available now. The problem is that there are few and sometimes no sterilizers available in a given area. The people need to be taught to sterilize without the use of electricity as that is often not available in the rural areas. A campaign to get them sterilizers that operate on battery power would help tremendously here. V. National Policy regarding disposal. There is at present no national policy regarding the disposal of refuse, waste, medications, contaminated equipment or any other. This definitely needs to be part of the education process that takes place, as well as a policy developed and put into place. VI. HIV/AIDS education. 5% of the population has active aids at this point and that number is growing. There is an aids program that is active in the country but again, the country is so rural that most never get education or treatment. Set up district groups in this country seems to be the best way to handle this. VII. Drug Procurement-The country of New Guinea is a poor country. As stated before, they are listed as the most impoverished in the Pacific region. Treating disease is very difficult given the

Business Model Canvas Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Model Canvas Report - Essay Example My business model will target smartphone users with a hardware dongle attached to the smartphone and an app to analyse results from the dongle. This business model will target the two smartphone manufacturers based on market share, Samsung and Apple. In the US where I focus primarily, shipments of the above smartphones represents about two-thirds of total market share. This is coupled with the high costs of traditional glucose measuring devices provides relevance for my business idea. In the development of the business model, I have identified key partners that I will be working with. These partners are critical for the success of my business model. I will work with endocrinologists who treat diabetes. They will work from the Mayo Clinic Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and nutrition research. I will also seek membership in the American Diabetes Association. My business model will also require 15 diabetes patients in different age groups on whom testing will be done. I will also team up with endocrinologists to survey patients. In the development of the app, I will target the two market leaders in terms of market share. Apple through the iOS developer program for Apple iOS app store and Samsung for the Android Marketplace. I will also be working with MedSpark LLC that specialises in FDA submissions, medical coding and design development. Eventually though manufacturing will shift to Turkey to take advantage of low price points. The medical professional I am going to work with will mainly aid in trial conducting and together with the health organisations and the patients, they will help in product promotion. The smartphone manufacturers will offer legal guidelines in terms of copyrights and will actively take part in marketing. The partners will have key activities that they will undertake to ensure the success of the model. They will validate the production of the app. They will also provide the necessary

STRATEGIC PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

STRATEGIC PLANNING - Essay Example It was incorporated in 1985 (served only 5,000 passengers with 51 employees) to cater travelers from Waterford to London Gatwick, and since then it has experienced phenomenal business growth and expansion (now serving over 60 million passengers and have employees over 6,000) because of its highly effective low-priced business strategy. The company today enjoys the status of ‘World’s favorite airline’, has 41 bases and more than 1,100 routes across 26 nations and now has a fleet of more than 220 aircrafts of one kind (preferably Boeing 737-800 to minimize operational costs). As part of its expansion policy, the company will induct more than 100 new Boeing aircrafts in its fleet to cater the pool of over 65 million customers (expected) in near future. (Internet: Ryanair.com) Strategy of governments to maximize their revenue by bolstering the Tourism Industry and attracting more people from other countries would create demand of traveling services of Ryan Air. However, Ryan Air could be affected by various political factors such as the adoption of ‘protectionism of domestic industry’ approach by various nations across Europe and America. This is aimed to protect domestic jobs and employment opportunities by imposition of tariffs, taxes, anti-dumping duties etc. on operations of foreign airlines. This approach by different nations to secure their domestic airline(s) might increase the operational costs of Ryan Air, thereby resulting in reduction of demand. Changes in ‘licensing laws’ and increase in barriers to entry in new markets may also affect the airline’s growth strategy. Also, European Union has ‘abolished the duty-free access’ to airlines that would definitely increase the operational costs of Ryan air . Also, the European Business article (2007) pinpointed the fact that European Commission impeded the expansion of Ryan Air across

Advertising in the UK fastfood industry Dissertation

Advertising in the UK fastfood industry - Dissertation Example sh this aim, the study targets the following objectives: 3.1 To determine the status of fast food advertising in the UK, for the period 2003 to present (to include findings from the Hastings review and the study by the Food Standards Agency.) 3.2 To understand the cultural issues and considerations that surround fast food advertising 3.3 To draw insight as to how an understanding of cultural attributes may make the advertising of fast foods more effective and mutually beneficial for both consumers and business. 4. Statement of the research problem and sub-problems What are the cultural considerations that advertisers should take into account in promoting the fast food business in the UK? 4.1 What is the current status of fast food advertising in the UK? 4.2 With the ban imposed on advertising for children, what strategic shift in marketing should fast foods consider in targeting the adult market? 4.3 Based on the revised marketing strategy, what are the social norms, beliefs and atti tudes of adults that advertising must consider in pursuit of the new strategy? 5. Significance of the research topic The research topic is a timely and relevant issue in the United Kingdom, where in January 2007 a total ban was implemented by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) on the advertising of junk food and fast food to children. The new legislation was the result of the unrelenting campaign of parents and pressure groups, with the support of the British Medical Association, who were concerned about the worsening obesity problem besetting not only the UK but almost all developed nations. The ban covers all advertising of foods deemed to have particular appeal for children and youth under the age of sixteen. The advertising ban also comes at the end of an exhaustive three year... The research topic is a timely and relevant issue in the United Kingdom, where in January 2007 a total ban was implemented by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) on the advertising of junk food and fast food to children.   The new legislation was the result of the unrelenting campaign of parents and pressure groups, with the support of the British Medical Association, who were concerned about the worsening obesity problem besetting not only the UK but almost all developed nations.   The ban covers all advertising of foods deemed to have particular appeal for children and youth under the age of sixteen.     The advertising ban also comes at the end of an exhaustive three year research on the effects of junk food and fast food advertising on the eating habits of children, mandated by the UK government for OFCOM to undertake.   Lobbyists from either side participated, including representatives from food manufacturers who worried about revenue deterioration.   At this point, health campaigners are pushing for a furtherance of the ban to include all advertising of junk and fast foods before the watershed of 9pm.   The move had made advertisers more creative, foregoing television advertising and resorting to social networking sites and mobile phones. (Fast Food Nation, 2011).Cultural aspects of advertising.   There is current debate about the relationship between advertising and the culture in which the advertising campaign is being launched.   Many are apparently of the opinion that advertising influences those segments.

Electronic Art Inc. Analyst Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electronic Art Inc. Analyst Report - Assignment Example Today, the company is one of the largest interactive entertainments that deal with the software companies (Zippay, Lori 87). The company is located in CA 94063 in Redwood City. In 2001, Electronic Arts acquired pogo.com. Pogo is at the forefront in offering the services of online family games with nearly seventeen million members who are registered. Because of the company’s popularity, most leading research companies names the acquired firm as one of the stickiest web pages in 2000. But the financial details of the deal remained disclosed. In 2000, the company released The Sims, which was rated as the best-selling personal computer game of all time. In 1998, the company announced that it had signed a deal to buy all the outstanding stock of a company called the Westwood Studios. Additionally, it bought the Virgin Interactive Entertainment studio assets. Virgin Interactive Entertainment is one of the branches of Spelling Entertainment Group. The transaction cost was valued at 1 22.5 million dollars. COMPANY PROFILE Ticker symbol The video game maker company changed its NASDAQ stock exchange from â€Å"ERTS† to â€Å"EA†. The ticker symbol was made effective on Thursday 15th Dec 2011. Therefore, the current ticker symbol for Electronic Arts is â€Å"EA† Mission Statement The mission statement for Electronic Arts is â€Å"We are an association of Electronic Artists who share a common goal. We want to fulfill the potential of personal computing†. Corporate Headquarters The company is a global organization with development studios and offices that are located across the world. The company provides their employees with opportunities and avenues to leverage their talents across various locations of the world. The company makes sure that all workers in all regions are equipped with best investment, great facilities, and support to work while maintaining team spirit and creativity. The company has united locations to generate the passio n of creating great game software which fulfills the quest for entertainment ("Multimedia & Graphics Software Industry Leaders & Laggards: Industry Center - Yahoo Finance."). Electronic Arts operates its corporate headquarters in California in Redwood Shores. Its regional headquarters is in Singapore and Geneva Switzerland. Additionally, the company has worldwide studios in the following areas: United States ( Tiburon, Maxis, Mythic, Visceral Games, and All Play), Canada (All play, Bio Ware, EA Montreal, and EAC ), Europe (Galway, Criterion, Digital Illusions, Phonemic, and Bucharest), and Asia (Shanghai, Seoul, Hyderabad, Pandemic, Singapore, Melbourne) ("Multimedia & Graphics Software Overview: Industry Center - Yahoo Finance."). Date of Incorporation The company was founded and incorporated in 1982 May. The founder of the company was Trip Hawkins. Electronic Arts became the pioneer of the home computer games and was known for promoting the programmers and designers that are respo nsible for their own games. The company became the 3rd largest software companies for games after Activision Blizzard and Nintendo (Zippay, Lori 98). Electronic Arts Executive Name Position Andrew Wilson Chief Executive Officer Lucy Bradshaw Senior Vice President Maxis Frank Gibeau Executive Vice President EA mobile Blake Jorgensen Chief Financial Officer Joel Linzier Executive Vice Pr

Qualitative Research Paper B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Qualitative Research Paper B - Essay Example We are surrounded by data everywhere. Our lives are influenced by data pertaining to the things we feel and see, the things we eat, the different things that we think about as also the constitution of our surroundings. Apart from this data that seems to engulf our lives, there is a separate class of data that one obtains as part of the quest to find answers to a specific question. In doing so, the efforts is often left with so much data that it is sometimes hard to ultimately determine the purpose for which the data has been collected let alone think of ways to analyze the collected data. What separates the data from information is the usefulness of the former, where analysis of data helps turn it or its subsequent outcomes into information. It is this information that helps one determine answers to questions and phenomenon that demands a structured effort. A question and its associated material that is being analyzed can be looked at from several perspectives. General forms of data and research analysis have always looked at answering the what, whom and where dimensions of the question and such an approach is hence known as quantitative approach as it tries to analyze quantifiable and measurable parameters. Nevertheless, many questions also arise with respect to why and how things occur. Answering questions determining the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a phenomenon requires the analysis to take an approach that analyzes the answers across several subjects and disciplines and helps arrive at a thorough understanding. This form of research is trying to ascertain the quality associated with a phenomenon and is hence known as qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is a very simple technique at undertaking research and consists of three essential parts. These components that are named noticing, collecting and thinking are highly interactive and follow a

Influences of economics and marketing on relationships in the global Essay

Influences of economics and marketing on relationships in the global food supply chain - Essay Example Exporting countries benefit from increased revenues from trading of surplus items, importing nations gain access to vital food reserves (Arda et al., 2005). Growing industrialization and profit making objectives have made a deep impact on the way food is being produced and supplied to the consumers today (Deep and Dani, 2009). The food supply chain is deeply impacted by rising prices, inflationary trends, and growing demands of increasing population have increased food prices. This has also led to multi-tiered supply chains that increase the complexity of the whole logistics process (Sowinski, 2012). The food supply chain begins with the farmer producing the supplies and the food items produced are sold by the farmers either directly to the food processor or indirectly through cooperative groups. The processed food is then sold to distributors to be distributed to various retailers and marketers and from there the food is finally sold to the consumers (FAO, 2004). The role of the far mers in the food supply chain is hence limited to the food processors and cooperative groups that are responsible for selling the farm produce to various distributing agencies, factories or processing units. This pattern limits the transparency of the whole system and farmers do not benefit much from the complex supply chains (Fearne et al., 2000). The globalization of economies has increased consumerism trends within the nations and this has led to a dramatic growth in consumption of food and related items. In context of the food supply chain this also reflects a shift in food movement from local and regional levels to global levels (Dicken, 2011). This has added to the complexity of the food supply...Global food security and governance have become increasingly complex in the past few decades owing to a gradual shift from local to global food supplies. â€Å"The capacity of single households to ensure an adequate supply of food for its members is affected by developments from loca l to global. Increasingly even nation states are losing control over the factors that determine the food security of their populations†. Conclusion In spite of the fact that an abundant quantity of food is being produced on the planet, millions are starving. The primary reason behind this is the corporate control over the food supply. The supply, distribution and manufacturing of food products have been controlled by the corporate system. The process of globalization has contributed to the advancement of biotechnology and agribusiness, which from the business’ perspective is profitable. Most of the capital invested on the production of food and food products goes to non-farmers. With the virtue of global economy, the corporations and supermarkets are churning a huge amount of money, which contributes to the imbalance of power between the farmers, consumers and food corporations.

Roles and Role Dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation after Essay

Roles and Role Dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation after Their Merger - Essay Example The paper tells that merger is one more important element of globalization. The phenomenon of a merger has been observed by the specialists of various sciences. One of the interesting aspects of the phenomenon is its influence on the corporate relations and the role dynamics after the process of merger. The case with Daimler-Chrysler Corporation is interesting to be examined as the example within the research as the case of the merger that appeared to be a takeover, with all its effects, influencing the relations within the corporation with its financial success. "In fact, up to 80 percent of corporate mergers and acquisitions fail to garner the expected financial gains, mainly because the deal-makers fail to anticipate the psychological and philosophical clashes that can undermine the alliance, industrial/organizational (I/O)". Before describing the circumstances of the merger it is important to describe the major events that happened just before the merger. The Chrysler company was a successful enterprise when it was headed by Lee Iacocca, its President. By the end of the 70s, he provided his company with $1.5 billion dollars as federal loan guarantees. These loan guarantees made Chrysler a profitable company until 1988 when innovations became necessary. The President of the company decided to risk and produced four kinds of new products - pickup trucks, sedans, minivan, and jeep. But at the beginning of the 90s Lee retired and it led the company to failure. After the merger, Chrysler began to lose money very quickly... The factors that led to such regress need careful consideration and the specialists are ambivalent as to determine the reason for the situation occurred. The company seemed to run well when the problems fell. When the problems revealed, the successor of Lee Iaccocoa, Robert Eaton, was fired and some other executives were fired with him. His place was occupied by Dieter Zetche, who found that the present market situation demands reorganization in the company structure. He created a team of specialists that replaced the executives that were fired with Robert Eaton. His innovations comprised changes in the improvement of the quality and as well as producing new products - a new model of pickup and jeep. This policy turned out to be successful and Chrysler received 788 million euros in 2002. In the merger of 1998, Daimler Benz and Chrysler Corporation created a new corporation of companies approximately of the same size but quite different in organizational culture and corporate relations. Chrysler was a company created in the USA, with the business strategy of the company dictated by the necessity of the flexible approaches and innovations. Daimler Benz was inspired by the features of the German culture - it is characterized by the strict hierarchical structure with high diversifications in corporate relations. The merger looked like it was the union of two partners with equal rights, and this was the information that had b een presented to the USA public by Daimler. But the fact was that the Chrysler Corporation had been sold. This led to numerous problems that occurred in the company itself, and these problems may partially influence the failure the company faced in 1998 - 2000.

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Essay Example for Free

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Essay Building effective relationships requires time and effort. The most effective relations take many forms and are fruitful, effective and satisfying. This only occurs when the parties involved cultivate a level of high trust in their relationships, also called inter-dependence. For this paper we will discuss the basic skills that a leader must possess in order to succeed in building effective relationships. We will also discuss some of the methods used to build effective relationships with superiors and peers. Finally we will look at the role of the leader in different participatory management methods. Leader Skills These features not only facilitate a relationship to mature and deliver exceptional results, but just as importantly, they also preclude a relationship from unravelling under the weight of confusion and external stimuli – a vital aspect in today’s fast-paced and ever-changing world Anyone coming up thru the ranks in the military and in the civilian sector knows that in order for a leader to be successful that they must possess certain leadership skills. Although not all inclusive, these skills will set up a leader to be successful. These skills include: organization and time management, selling skills, resource acquisition and management, technologically savvy, persuasive and negotiating skills, and ethics (Javitch, 2009). Companies are not only looking for leaders who will be able to take over and get the job done, they are looking for leaders with the ability to be organized. Keeping everything running smoothly is part of a good leader. This includes the proper manage ment of time. A good leader creates and follows a schedule, leaving room for unforeseeable changes that occur. Another skill that a leader should possess are selling skills: Wheater it is a product to be sold, a business opportunities or a new processes, a good leader must be able to sell the item or idea both inside and outside the organization. The next skill a leader should possess is resource acquisition and management: In today’s shrinking markets, the ability to locate and effectively use assets goes a long way towards the success of process implementation. This includes knowing how to manage these  processes in order to succeed. Continuing with skills that leaders should possess is knowledge of a leader being technologically savvy. This requires a leader to have the ability to learn and operate current technologies: This skill is of utmost importance, since software and hardware change on a regular basis. A good leader must be able to follow those changes in order to stay relevant in todays’ world of business. The next skill that leaders should possess is the ability to persuade and negotiate. A leader must be able to persuade others to execute a certain action and then negotiate the terms. These skills are important in both the selling of products and convincing other leaders to implement a particular process or program. The last skill but certainly not the least important are ethics. Discerning the proper from the inappropriate at the workplace is getting increasingly tough, as the line separating the two keeps blurring. A leader must possess the moral ground to distinguish between right and wrong and the strength to take the appropriate action no matter the consequences. It takes a great deal of persistence and willpower to create an ethical working place, but the leader knows that it will foster the professional and personal growth in the organization as the years progress. These are just a few of the many skills that a leader must possess. A leader still has to have strength, courage, listening skills, writing skills, and a slew of others skills in order to be well rounded and balanced. While the above skills are not all inclusive, they are a good starting point for leaders. Methods for Effective Work Relation Now that we have addressed some of the skills that a leader must possess we must discuss some of the methods that a leaders can used to build effective relationships with their superiors and peers. Effective work connections create the foundation for success and fulfilment in a job. A leader can sink their career and work associations by their actions and the behaviors they display at work. No matter their education, title, or experience, if a leader cannot play well with others, they will never achieve their goals (Miksen, n.d). It can be that that if there are no effective work relationships then there are no promotions, pay increases, goal accomplishment, and job satisfaction. To build effective work relationships a leader must: bring suggestions to the table, not play the blame game, keep  commitments, share credit, don’t blind-side a coworker or boss, and help other co-workers when they need it (Miksen, n.d). Bringing to the meeting table solutions to a problem earns leaders the respect and admiration from coworkers and bosses. There are some personnel who devote an extravagant sum of time pinpointing problems, yet they offer no way to solve the problems. Anyone can find a problem, the challenging part is finding thoughtful solutions. A leader that brings solutions to the table is sought out by everyone, thus creating relationships with others. The next method to build effective work relations is not playing the blame game. A leader that does so alienates supervisors, and coworkers. Remember that as a leader you need allies at work. While it may be required to ascertain who was involved in a problem, it does not require them to be publicly identified and blamed for the failure. If a leader does this then it will create adversaries. These adversaries will, in turn, help a leader to be unsuccessful. Remember that as a leader one of the skills that you must possess is to be organized and a m anager of time. This skill crosses over to helping build effective work relationships. As a leader you must keep your obligations. In any organization, work is interrelated. A leader that fails to keep deadlines and obligations, affects the performance and output of other employees. If a commitment cannot be kept, as a leader inform all affected employees who need to know and arrange for a new makeup date, making all conceivable efforts to honor the new deadline. Another method to build effective relationships is to share credit for ideas, accomplishments, and contributions. A leader must make the effort, time, and expend the energy, to thank, reward, recognize and identify the assistances of the personnel who aided them succeed. This is a fool-proof tactic to developing effective work associations (Miksen, n.d). One more method to building effective work relationships is to never blind side a coworker, or boss. As a leader always address difficulties, first, with the individuals openly involved. If an employee learns about an issue during a staff gathering or from an email sent to their supervisor, as a leader you have just blindsided the fellow worker. A leader will certainly not construct effective work associations unless their coworkers trust them. The final method to build effective work relationships it to aid fellow workers in find their skills. Remember that each employee in a group has abilities, expertise, and knowledge. A leader  that helps colleague to harness their capabilities, increases the benefit for the organization immensely. Some of the benefits include compliment, praise, and notice contributions. You dont have to be a manager to help develop an encouraging, inspiring atmosphere for employees. Frequently carrying out these actions will cultivate effective work relationships. Partners will value you as a teammate. Superiors will have confidence that you play on the right team. As a leader you will achieve your work objectives, and you may even experience fun, acknowledgement, and personal motivation. It does not get any better than that. Leaders Role in Participatory Management Participatory management is a system in which employees of an organization take an active role in the decision-making process as it relates to the way the business operates. There are numerous methods depending on the level of participatory management a business engages in. Some examples are information management, mentoring and training management, teaching management, recognition management, and finally shared decision-making management (Rampur, 2012). In information management information is shared readily with all employees. This includes earnings and operational budgets, financial projections, as well as information related to long-term strategic planning. This method provides transparency in all business aspects and allows for employee input and suggestions. The next type of participatory management is mentoring and training management. This type of management provides ongoing training, skills development, professional enrichment and mentoring to employees at all levels. This allows all employees to cross-train in different areas of the business, take on new or additional responsibilities, and give their newfound skills a hands-on try under the supervision of a mentor. This method encourages all employees to share knowledge and information with the goal of being a diversely trained, well-rounded workforce. Another type of participatory management is teaching management. This method features a teaching component in which employees are guided on the fundamentals of the decision-making process. Employees receive insight into a particular problem, issue or strategy and the cognitive tools necessary for breaking down the issue into problem-solving components (Rampur, 2012). Using this management style,  employees continually enhance their knowledge of how the company operates and are able to bring ever-improving skills to the workplace. One more form of participatory management includes a forum in which employees are recognized regularly for their achievements and contributions. The reward approach is designed to increase performance, motivate employees and provide positive reinforcement for a job well done. Employees also have the opportunity to see how their contributions directly affect the company in a positive manner. The final method of participatory management is shared decision-making management. In this method employees participate in focus group, complete surveys, participate in brainstorming sessions and often work in self-monitored groups on specific tasks and projects. Management typically provides parameters for employees to work within and to contribute suggestions and ideas, and many also feature a formal review process to ensure every idea is weighed and vetted carefully. As a leader there is purely no healthier way to make people feel valued than to ask them openly, for their advice. A leader can pat people on the back and recognize their efforts but this is not as effective in encouraging people as incorporating them in the decision making process. Employees who play a part in deciding what to do feel a much greater amount of ownership over making it happen. Depending on the organization and the leader will determine which method of participatory management to use if any. Conclusion Leaders are many things to different people. They are the ones making decisions, communication with people, resolving issues. A leader has to have many attributes to be effective. This includes being able to cultivate relations with other people and departments, not to mention being able to lead, develop and enhance coworkers, and the organization. For this paper we have discussed the basic skills that a leader must possess in order to succeed in building effective relationships. We also discussed some of the methods used to build effective relationships with superiors and peers. Finally we looked at the role of the leader in different participatory management methods.

Effectiveness Of Motivational Strategy In Habib Bank

Effectiveness Of Motivational Strategy In Habib Bank In this modernized world where globalization is fast crating an effect, the workplace realities of the ancient organizations no longer exists (Roberts, 2003). It has become past and needs to be revised very carefully before any aspect of it can be implemented nowadays. It has become increasingly important for the organizations to introduce new methods and meet the new motivational needs of the employees. The reality of workplace, the changing work environment has increased the end for the managers to reconsider the methodologies of developing durable and strong relationship between the employees and organization that ultimately leads to the achievement of the organizations goals and objectives. A thorough and complete understanding of the employees motivational need has became important for the management in order to accomplish what employees expect from the organization in order to return what organization expect from them ( Beer et al, 1984).. Therefore it becomes clear from the re searches that a motivated work-force is an instrument of success for full filling the needs of a rapidly changing work environment for both, the employees and the organization. It also becomes clear that a well- motivated workforce will eventually lead to the organization achieving its goals and objectives in a better an efficient manner. To serve this purpose ob building a strong bond between the management and workforce, the role of the top management is very crucial in this respect. According to Carnige (1985), human capital is capable of playing a pivotal role compared to financial capital, in the effectiveness of the organization. In modern times people are believed to me a source of competitive advantage and carry more importance in leading a company towards success, rather than finance. What is actually motivation and how and why does it matter? In business terms, motivation is the desire of a firm to see a job done well and quickly. The highly motivated workforce becomes an instrument for the business to achieve its goals and objectives as cost effectively as may be possible. Motivated worker also try to reach their own personal objectives. The employers should be well aware of what these are .This is because the greatest motivation will develop if workers feel that working towards the business objectives is ultimately helping them achieve their own goals. A milestone in a success of an organization is fulfilling the continually changing needs of employees and the organization. A heavy responsibility rests on the shoulder of the management to develop durable and strong relationships between them. Companies expect workers to follow the rules according to the terms and conditions set for them. Employees in return expect fir pay, good working conditions, secure career, fair treatment, involvement in decisions and power. These expectations of both groups vary from company to company. For any business to deal with these expectations successfully a complete understanding of the employee motivation becomes necessary. (Beer et al, 1984 from pdf file motivation pak bank). It is usually that it is the organization and not managers that fail to hold managers responsible for creating motivation among the people. They fail to understand the role of motivation and its connection to job performance. One of the biggest challenges for HR is to persuade line managers to develop and manage people. These line managers should be able to build string and personal relationship with the employees through effective communication. There is a need for the line mangers to understand the nature of the employee and his subordinates and should be able to deal with the problems of workers effectively. A thorough understanding of the needs of the subordinates will eventually let the managers know what the employee aims for and what are their goals and objectives. They can then decide how to develop and implement strategies that will achieve the objectives of the company while letting the employees achieve their personal goals. Staff that is unmotivated will be reluctant to do their jobs quickly and efficiently and will only provide the minimal of what is required of them from the organization. It is important to know how well motivated staff will alter the levels of productivity and performance within a company, thus affecting the competitiveness of the business. A well motivated staff is not only able to increase productivity and performance but is also prepared to accept responsibility, willingly and happily. There is low labor turnover which reduces the business cost of hiring and training new labor. With a highly motivate staff, a business also benefits from low absenteeism rate and employees participate on making suggestions for improvements. (Peter) Theories of motivation and their significance in today world: There are many theories of well known theorists that deal with the factors that affect motivation. F. W Taylor- theory of scientific management. F.W Taylor proposed a theory of scientific management that emphasized that money is the motivating factor that affects the employees to the most. Scientific management defines a method of establishing an idea after studying, analyzing and recording performance at work, then altering working conditions and recording performance. This is the approach that Taylor used to establish his idea. This method of scientific management is still used in the companies today. Taylors theory was based upon the notion of economic man and he believed that when wages are based on output, it increases workers productivity. He maintained his belief that a fair days pay for fair days work is what motivated staff to do better. But critics also say that money moves the workers to work, not motivate them. The other renowned theory of theorist is the Elton mayo Hawthorne affect. He carried out some experiments with a group of line workers. Changes in rest periods, canteen food, assembly bench lay out were made at a particular interval. Before every major change, the upcoming change was discussed with the workers. At the end of the experiment when working conditions were returned to the original, it was noticed that the output rose far above the level before the experiment. He drew some conclusions from his work that is as follows: Alterations in financial rewards or changes in working conditions have little or no effect on a workers productivity When management consult with workers before any major changes are made that affects them, motivation is improved When some control over their own working lives is given to workers, there is improved motivation Groups can establish their own targets and goals, and these can be greatly influenced by the informal leaders of the group. Taylors approach is important but not widely held today. Many workers, now a days seek for a respectable job rather than a one which is not valued but is being paid. Workers who have money as their basic need still moves towards a job offering a handsome wage/salary but they are unable to be motivated and still continue the job for money. This reduces job performance and productivity is affected. Maslow- hierarchy of needs One of another major theorist that takes a good position among the motivation theorist is Maslow. He extensively wrote on the subject concepts of the hierarchy of needs. He became a leader of the humanistic school of psychology and looked at the needs of human beings arranged like a hierarchy. The Maslow theory consists of two parts. The first one concerns the classification of the needs and the second part relates theses needs with each other. Maslow arranged the needs in a pyramid. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs that workers have. He suggested that these have to be fulfilled step by step. He identified and classified the basic needs that a human being has. The pyramid starts from physical needs that occupy the lowest level of hierarchy. The top level becomes the self actualization with three levels of needs in between. Maslow suggested that once a worker achieves the lower level of need, he strives for the next level. Management should be aware on what level their employees a re, and moving them trio next level, thus keeping him motivated for his job. The sequence of the Maslows pyramid is as follows: Physiological needs: these are the strongest needs. This is because if a person is deprived, the physiological needs would come first to fulfill his satisfaction. The physiological needs consist of needs like oxygen, clothing, food and shelter. These needs are the priority before any other class of need. Safety needs: this class of needs includes job security accompanied with a secured working environment. A sense of job security is essential for an employee to stay motivated towards his work with the addition of a hygiene environment with safe equipments if required. Love and belonging: the need of belonging and affection is necessary to overcome the feeling of loneliness. To overcome this, team work should be encouraged within an organization along with other social activities that instill in an employee a feeling of belonging and being a part of the organization. Esteem needs: this class of need is defined by the receipt of recognition of what the employee has achieved at work. There are chances that a worker may feel worthless and in valuable if he is not appreciated. This level of need can be achieved by the announcement of achievements publicly at events. Self actualization: this is the top level of the hierarchy. Very few workers have the potential to reach this level. This class defines need as to be given added responsibility with new challenges and promotions in his career. This theory has its own complications. Maslow did not suggest any criteria to measure which level of need has actually been satisfied. Each kevel is dependent upon the level below. The whole system might collapse if a level goes missing in between. It is also hard to say that a particular level is achieved of an employee and now the next level must be targeted. Adam- equity theory Another theory of motivation, widely recognized is the Adams equity theory of motivation. Adam proposed a very simple theory that suggested that employees balance their inputs against their out. The input is not only in the form of time that is put into work measured against the financial reward that is received as output but input also includes all the factors affecting working conditions and the worker at work. Similarly, output also includes the response, the recognition and the praise or the negative attitude experienced as a result of the job being done. The attitudes that lead to positive outcomes is repeated and attitude that lead to negative outcomes is avoided. It becomes difficult for the managers to know exactly what the employee perceives of the output against their input. Moreover inputs of the work and out puts of the work cannot be measured literally in order to calculate and balance both against each other. Herzberg- two factor theory But here our major focus would be on the Herzberg motivational theory that we desire to implement on our project. Herzberg (1923-2000) proposed a theory recognized by the world as the two factor theory. Herzberg, despite basing his research on just 200 professional workers, Herzbergs two factor theory and his conclusions has left the greatest impact on motivational practices. A survey was conducted through interviews and questionnaires that aim to know the following things: Identification of these factors that lead the workers to think very positively about their work and those factors that led them to think very negatively about their job. His conclusions reveled the following: Advancement, work itself, responsibility, achievement and the recognition for achievement were the factors relating to job satisfaction. Administration and company policy, salary, supervision, relationship with others and working conditions were these factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. These factors were termed as hygiene factors by Herzberg. Conclusions of Herzbergs work. Herzbergs two factor theory carried the hygiene factors and the motivators. Hygiene factors included working conditions, pay rates etc. these hygiene factors can eb improved in order to remove dissatisfaction from the jab but they will not help creating a motivated albor for ce. Herzberg argued that it was readily possible to move someone to do a job by paying him but it will not actually motivate him for doing the job. Similarly, he proposed that motivators, that are principles of job enrichment (encouragement, added responsibility, recognition), need to be in place to motivate the labor force to perform a task. These principles of job enrichment include Offering complete units of work: a typical mass production method only allows workers to assemble small units of a finished product. This is not motivating as the repetitive and small, invaluable task is not interesting. It also prevents workers to receive the appreciation and the importance what they are contributing to the production process. When workers are offered the complete tasks, it gives them the motivation to do a job effectively. It bears in them feeling of achievement of producing the goods themselves. Herzberg puts this idea as if u want your employees to perform a good job, offer them a good job. Feed back on performance: this communication enables workers to feel recognized and they are motivated to achieve more. A range of tasks: a range of tasks, when offered to workers is challenging and makes it interesting as their first experience if given them the first time. This provides the employees the opportunity to explore their abilities and provide incentive for the business to achieve the full potential of the workers. Analysis and evaluation of Herzberg work: As we will be implementing Herzbergs approach to her research, an analysis and evaluation of its work becomes necessary. Team working and delegation of complete tasks with much less close supervision is becoming increasingly popular in todays industrial world. Organization ensure effective communication is present between management and the workforce and this two way effective communication itself becomes a motivating factor. There is little doubt that that the increasing trend towards Herzberg approach is fast becoming popular, but many researchers who have used Herzbergs methods still argue and theory experimenting failed to arrive at such a clear cut conclusion. This wouldnt be wrong to hold Herzberg responsible for this evolution and this change would have been slower without the theories put forward by the Herzberg. Herzberg identified five main factors that resulted in job satisfaction. These factors can easily be identified in an organization and can be used for evaluation. The five main factors include achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility, nature of work itself and advancement. These are the factors which can easily be identified if they exist in an organization. Similarly Herzberg gave five main factors that resulted in job dissatisfaction. These are termed as companys administration and policy, salary, supervision working conditions and relationships. This factor can easily be searched for in an organization to determine the effects of motivation. Service sector throughout the world is greatly dependent upon the human resource. Be it Habib bank ltd in Pakistan or RBS in Scotland, the banking sector and its success mainly depends upon the level of skilled, capable and most important motivated workforce. A motivated workforce does not only increase the performance at work but increased performance and satisfactory interaction among the clients and colleagues leads to high productivity. This in turn creates satisfied customers which forms the basis of success for any organization. Significance of motivation for commercial banks: Commercial banks are structures that are maintained and developed my human resources that ensure the delivery of a good service. The process that ensures the delivery of a good eservice is affected by the individual motivation of labor force whether skilled, unskilled, professional or unprofessional. The increased growth of service industry, commercial banks are struggling foe workers possessing the ability of providing quality service. And their labor is the best source if providing best services to their customers. Excellent services being offered and provided by the employees is able to create a positive perception among the eyes of the banking consumers. ( pdf file motivation pak bank petcharak 2004) Commercial banks play a vital role in the world wide economy. Research concludes that today it is becoming challenging for management in Pakistan to motivate their employees, especially those employed at commercial banks, to provide a quality service with increasing competitive market in the specified sector, i.e. commercial banks. The tough competition is making difficult to provide best of services to its clientele, thus satisfying their needs effectively. Theoretical frame work. Our research aims to find out the effectiveness of motivation strategies at HBL. To measure the effectiveness, the first step is to find out the variables that are creating motivation within the employees at HBL. Once the variables are identified a sample of 75 respondents will be selected from various departments of various posts, qualification and experience. These sample size is selected to determine the research question and research objective. The questionnaire will carry pout the research and will obtain the result that will identify the factors that create little or no, and high motivation among the employees. These factors when identifies will be classified under the motivators and the hygiene factors. These motivators and hygiene factors must be forming a part of the motivational strategy of the management at HBL that will effective or ineffective in creating motivation. The highly effective and the little effective will then be measured against the performance level of the workers when implemented. According to the results, those strategies will be labeled as successful or unsuccessful. For the unsuccessful strategies recommendations will be made . Research conducted through a questionnaire Identification of the factors affecting the level of motivation Identification of factors creating job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction Classifying them into hygiene factors and motivators Result on motivation result on motivation when When hygiene factors motivators implemented. implemented. Measure the effect Measure the effect on work On work performance performance. Employee motivation and work performance: Improving the work performance has always been and will continue to be the major concern of all businesses. It is the performance of work that creates satisfied managers and/or dissatisfied managers. The work performance has always been an important issue for the businesses as their success and failure depends upon the performance displays by their workforce. A manager when pays the employee, expects to return the worth of what is paid to him. In case of failure to do so, many workplace issues are created that managers then need to deal with. It is not always possible for managers to repay the accurately the input employee has put into work. This is because there exist no method to measure the input against the output wh9ich the employee receives or perceives. Failure to come up to the expectation results in demotivation. Is also seen, as described by the expectancy theory that workers expect according to what they see around. Now it becomes difficult for managers to know how they pe rceive their work output and it is compared to whose job. The performance at work is not only dependent upon the skills and abilities the worker possesses but there are many factors that exist which creates and leave an impact upon the performance of the employee. A well-motivated employee results in well performed job and an unsatisfied employee who is unmotivated towards his job naturally results in a poor job performance. But the question what motivates man to perform better has many answers. There are many motivational factors as discussed above that leaves an impact upon the motivation of the employees. When discussing and implementing the Herzberg theory, we see the hygiene factors create job satisfaction and not motivation but the motivators when placed creates motivation that results in a high performance of the job. For instance providing hygiene conditions at work place will not create motivation for the worker to perform the job but the satisfactory working conditions will make the employee continue the job a and not create a desire to do the job. Therefore a hygiene working environment will have no effect upon the performance of the job. But, if on the other hand, a worker is praised for his achievements and efforts, he will be happy and will be eager to achieve more, thus increasing his job performance. Increasing job performance includes increased productivity, putting in extra effort in the job and probably low absenteeism with happy workers who look at the golas and objectives of the company through which they can not only achieve their personal objective but companies goals become their goals and business objectives as their objectives. When performance at work is increased in any of the forms mentioned above, the company benefits from it. For a manufacturing business increased quality and quantity of it products will attract consumers which will benefit the company. In the service sector, a motivated staff will result in a cooperative and positive attitude and interactions with the customers and colleagues which will create thousands of satisfied customers. Customer service being very important in the service sector is completely dependent upon the attitude and behavior of the employees which is directly proportional to their motivation level. This motivation level is depended upon many factors like motivators described by Herzberg and others as described by many of the other renowned theorists. Linkage between objectives and questions with the theories and concept Research question/objectives Theories and concepts

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation Drawing on appropriate literature, provide a critical analysis of the application of health promotion philosophies, principles and approaches underpinning public health practice in relation to a relevant topic (e.g. any public health policy in the UK) The chosen public health topic is smoking. The student has selected this subject because it is a current issue of particular relevance because of the prohibition to premises becoming smoke- free if they are open to the public, due to be enforced in England in July 2007 (Health Act 2006). Smoking is also an important topic because it has been identified as the single most significant public health problem in the UK (Royal College of Physicians 2000); approximately 114,000 smokers in the UK die as a result of smoking (Action on Smoking and Health 2005). The treatment of smoking- related conditions costs the National Health Service (NHS) up to  £1.7 billion per year with an estimated cost of  £1.7 million to British industry every year as the result of lost working hours caused by smoking- related illness (Gommans 2005). According to Tannahill (1985) health promotion is a broad concept which encompasses health education and health prevention. Health education refers to working with groups and individuals to promote healthy behaviours, whereas health prevention refers to strategies which prevent ill- health such as immunisation. Public health is defined as: ‘The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society’ (Acheson 1988) This definition implies a collective approach; however public health has been criticised as being medically dominated (McPherson 2001). Philosophies of health promotion provide a framework for exploring our rationale and justification for wanting to change health- related behaviour. Seedhouse (2002) refers to health promotion as a ‘moral endeavour’; in other words health professionals are required to make judgments about if, how and when to intervene in relation to the health behaviours of patients, clients and service users, taking into account individual needs and priorities. In some cases health behaviours affect not only the individual but others, also; this applies to the effects of secondary smoking, for example. Taking into account the secondary effects of health behaviours may impact upon the ‘moral endeavour’ of health professionals and health policy makers. Moral judgements underpin the work of health professionals; the student recalls an incident when a lady aged 100 who had smoked all of her adult life and who clearly did not have long to live, asked to be helped to smoke a cigar ette. This simple act gave her pleasure and it seemed irrational and unkind not to respond to her request. Moral judgements are not always straightforward. Philosophical principles applicable to health promotion include logic; the development of reasoned argument (Naidoo and Wills 2000a). Our arguments for changing health-related behaviour are evidence- based involving for example, the type of statistics about smoking highlighted in para 1 of this page. There is a large body of evidence which supports the argument that smoking is damaging to health and yet, as discussed further on (para.2, p.4), it can be seen that individuals do not always respond to logical reasoned argument in relation to modifying health- behaviours. Epistemology, another philosophical principle, is concerned with the debate about truth, in this case exploring what health really means. There are different models of health including the medical and social models. The medical model is concerned with the categorisation of illness and disease and with specific medical interventions given by the ‘expert’ (the health professional) to the patient, who has traditionally been a passive recipient of this expert advice and intervention. A social model of health involves a broader interpretation of health which is influenced by a range of determinants, such as age, gender, socioeconomic factors, education and environment. Within this model, strategies to improve health status adopt a wider perspective than the medical model, seeking to address the aforementioned determinants. In relation to health promotion, the medical model might not take into consideration, factors which affect the individual’s behaviour such as their socioeconomic status. There is evidence that smoking behaviour is more prevalent among more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Gulliford et al 2003). It is important therefore to take into consideration this and other, factors when developing health promotion strategies and not to reduce the issue to one of the giving and receiving of information with an assumption that behaviour will be modified as a result. Health promotion philosophies are also concerned with ethics. The theory of ethics is divided into two main categories: deontological and consequential. Deontology is concerned with our duty to behave according to a set of moral principles. On page 1, paragraph 5, the issues/ dilemmas involved for health professionals in making moral judgements, were referred to. Consequential ethics are based on the premise that a judgment about whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on its end result, in other words whether the ends justify the means. This has some interesting implications for health promotion. Further on (p.4) some health promotion strategies are discussed including a debate about the use of legislation, i.e. enforcement, to bring about health- related behavioural change. As stated earlier (para.1, p.1) this issue is of particular relevance to smoking. The argument for enforcement is that the end result of reducing smoking behaviours and resultant improvement in health s tatus as well as savings made to the cost of healthcare, justifies the prohibition legislation. Broad approaches to health promotion reflect the models of health referred to (para. 2 on this page) and are categorised by Naidoo and Wills (2000b) as medical/ preventative; behavioural change; educational; empowerment and social change. Within the medical approach there are three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. To apply these specifically to smoking; the primary level aims to prevent smoking behaviour before it begins, the secondary level is concerned with preventing the recurrence of a smoking- related illness or disease by encouraging the patient to give up smoking and the tertiary level is about promoting quality of life within a chronic condition such as diabetes, in which case the message would be that the individual’s quality of life would be optimised if they do not smoke. The behavioural approach focuses on lifestyle issues (Laverack 2004) Emphasis is placed upon the individual’s responsibility for health which does not take into account factors outwith the individual’s control and as such, this approach has been criticised for being ‘victim- blaming’ (Tones and Tilford 2001), shifting responsibility away from the government for example, in relation to individual health status. The educational approach is less about placing responsibility on individuals in relation to their health- related behaviours and more about giving information and facilitating people to make informed choices about their lifestyle choices. This approach relates to the rational- empirical strategy described further on (para. 2, p.4) as it is based on the assumption that giving people information will lead to attitudinal and behavioural change. As will be seen, this does not always happen. This approach is also dependent on a level of concordance from the individual, for example a commitment to attend regular sessions as part of an educational programme. The empowerment approach reflects the normative- re-educative strategy described further on (para. 4, p. 4) and entails giving people the means to have increased control over the determinants that affect their health status. This involves community participation, a collective approach which is embedded within the philosophy of public health. According to Laverack (2004) there can be different interpretations of what constitutes a ‘community’. We tend to think in terms of a geographical community; a locality. It might be more effective in health promotion terms to think of a community as a group with shared characteristics, such as young people. The reality of community participation is that it tends to be more evident among communities who are educated and higher up the socioeconomic scale. People who are disadvantaged are less lilkely to be motivated to participate in health- related programmes- they may feel marginalised and are preoccupied with the issues that their s ituation presents, such as concerns about housing and income; health promotion is not viewed as a priority, and smoking might be used as a means of helping them to cope with adversity (Hanson Hoffman 1998). This leads onto the notion of the social change approach. This is quite a complex concept that involves health promotion initiating and driving social change in order to improve conditions that are conducive to health (Erben et al 2000). Social change would involve making the sorts of improvements that would place health issues more firmly on everybody’s agenda. There are many factors that contribute to social change such as legislation and shifts in ideas about codes of behaviour. For example, attitudes about sexual behaviour have changed over the years, contributing to health issues such as increased incidence of sexually transmitted disease and a rise in teenage pregnancies (Measor et al 2000). There is some indication that social attitudes to smoking have changed (Moonie 2005) which is arguably, a positive development; some smokers report that they feel like social pariahs! The social change approach is underpinned by an acknowledgement of the complexity of what influences health- related behaviours and can be linked to the social model of health, discussed in para. 2, p.2. Specific health promotion methods are quite diverse including: giving information in a didactic manner, for example via talks to large groups; lobbying local health and Government authorities; making use of the mass media (for example there is currently a television information advertisement about the early signs of myocardial infarction); working with groups; teaching social or life skills that are related to health status; publicity events, e.g. health fairs; facilitating community groups; enforcing health regulation; one to one advice and education; networking and liaising with other workers; instructing on specific techniques, such as self-administration of insulin; facilitating self help groups and enabling health promotion by the provision of support services such as childcare and interpreting facilities (Naidoo and Wills 2000c). Most of these methods can be adapted for use with smoking cessation. The change strategies framework by Bennis (1976) can be applied to health behavioural change and is of particular relevance to anti- smoking legislation. It includes three strategies for bringing about change which are based on different assumptions about human behaviour, and which, when applied to health promotion, involve three distinctly different approaches. The first strategy (rational- empirical), is based on the supposition that ‘knowledge is power’. Within this strategy it is assumed that an individual will modify their health- related behaviour in response to receiving reliable and valid information. For example, if the government or a health professional issues advice about the dangers of smoking, the individual should reduce or cease their smoking habit. It is well- known that this often does not happen; even some health professionals smoke, despite their level of knowledge about the dangers (McKenna 2001). The reasons for this are usually related to dependenc e. It is also possible that human beings adopt Freudian mental defence mechanisms, which are maladaptive coping strategies used (in this instance) to circumvent evidence of the negative consequences of a health- related behaviour, such as smoking. These include denial, intellectualisation (which involves citing contradictory evidence), or rationalisation, among others (Lupton 1995). Resorting to these defences can undermine the power of knowledge and evidence, however valid and reliable it is. The second strategy (power- coercive) involves the use of legislation and policy change in order to enforce health- related change. A good example of this is the anti- smoking legislation referred to in paragraph 1, page 1. There is some evidence to demonstrate that no- smoking policies do have the effect of reducing smoking behaviour (Brigham et al 1994). There has been criticism of the legislation as it is seen by some as an infringement of the individual’s right to choose. However this view is countered by the argument that the health of non- smokers can be adversely affected by cigarette smoke, and these people have the right to be protected (HM Treasury 2004). It appears that many non- smokers feel that they should be safeguarded from the effects of passive smoking (Pilkington et al 2006). The first two strategies adopt a ‘top- down’ approach whereas the third strategy (normative- re-educative) is based on the assumption that an individual is more likely to change their health- related behaviour if they have had involvement in bringing about the change; if they feel empowered. This approach underpins some of the health promotion strategies referred to in para. 1 of this page; for example facilitating community groups. However as discussed earlier (para. 2, p.3), it seems likely that community participation and empowerment might be of limited value within certain groups, such as people who are disadvantaged or marginalised. In conclusion, it appears that a multi- faceted approach needs to be adopted in order to address health- behaviours which are harmful to health, in this instance smoking. The starting point is that there is incontrovertible evidence that smoking is harmful to health, and can lead to premature death, as cited in para.1, p.1. The question of whether we have the right to choose to smoke can be challenged because of the evidence- base that demonstrates that smoking can affect the health of others (para. 3, p. 4). However it is important to recognise that people who smoke need adequate support and resources in order to be able to stop. There is existing evidence that legislative and policy change can reduce smoking behaviours (para. 3, p.4) and it will be interesting to see the outcomes of the current legislation (para. 1, p. 1). However, smokers also need clear, unambiguous messages about the effects of smoking, consistent support from health professionals and accessible information abou t smoking cessation services (Kerr et al 2006). References Acheson D. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health: Report. London Stationery Office 1988. Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 2. Smoking Statistics: Illness and Death. ASH 2005. Bennis et al The Planning of Change Holt Rinehart and Winston 1976 Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer M and Felch L Effects of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke. Am J Public Health. 84(5): 1994 pp. 773–778. Department of Health. Health Act 2006. Part 1 Chapter 1. 2006. Erben R, Franzkowiak P and Wenzel E. People empowerment vs. social capital: from health promotion to social marketing. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 9(3) 2000 pp. 179-182 Gommans J, Bunton J and MacDonald G. Health Promotion: 2nd Edition. Routledge. 2005. p.189. Gulliford M, Sedgwick J and Pearce A. Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Service Research 2003 pp. 3: 4. Hanson Hoffman. Recovery from Smoking Second Edition: Quitting with the 12 Step Process Revised Second Edition. Hazelden. P.1 Kerr S, Watson H, Tolson D, Lough M and Brown M. Smoking after the age of 65 years: a qualitative exploration of older current and former smokers views on smoking, stopping smoking, and smoking cessation resources and services. Health and Social Care in the Community. 14(6) 2006 pp. 572-582, Laverack G. Health Promotion Practice: Building Empowered Communities. Sage publications. 2004. pp. 21, 22, 44. Lupton D. The Imperative of Health: public health and the regulated body. Sage Publications. 1995. p. 111. Mckenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G. Qualified nurses smoking prevalence: their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(5). 2001. pp.769-75 McPherson K. Public health does not need to be led by doctors: for. BMJ. 30; 322(7302) 2001 p.3–1596. Measor L, Tiffin C and Miller K. Young Peoples Views on Sex Education: Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. Routledge 2000. p.4. Moonie N (Ed.) GCE AS Level Health and Social Care Double Award Book. Harcourt Heinemann. 2005. p.29 Naidoo J. Wills J. Health Promotion: foundations for practice (2nd edition). London, Baillià ¨re Tindall 2000. pp. 113 Pilkington P, Gray S. Gilmore and A. Daykin N. Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce: survey of London casino workers. Journal of Public Health. 28(2) 2006 pp.104-110 Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain: A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. RCP 2000. Seedhouse D. Ethics: the heart of healthcare. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons.. 2002. Chapter 2 Tannahill A What is Health Promotion? Health Education Journal 44(4) 1985 pp. 167-8 Tones K and Green J Health Promotion: Planning and Strategies. Sage Publications. 2004. p. 16. Tones K and Tilford S. Health Promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. 2001. p. 28. Total word count 2752